1.1 ,Ecological Risk Assessments (EcoRAs) typically focus on valued wildlife populations. Regulatory authority for conducting EcoRAs derives from various federal laws [for example, Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act 1981, (CERCLA), Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA), and Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, (FIFRA)]. Certain procedures for conducting EcoRAs (1-4)2 have been standardized [E1689-95(2003) Standard Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models for Contaminated Sites, E1848-96(2003) Standard Guide for Selecting and Using Ecological Endpoints for Contaminated Sites, E2020-99a Standard Guide for Data and Information Options for Conducting an Ecological Risk Assessment at Contaminated Sites, E2205/E2205M-02 Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action for Protection of Ecological resources, E1739-95(2002) Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum Release Sites]. Specialized cases for reporting data have also been standardized [E1849-96(2002) Standard Guide for Fish and Wildlife Incident Monitoring and Reporting] as have sampling procedures to characterize vegetation [E1923-97(2003) Standard Guide for Sampling Terrestrial and Wetlands Vegetation].