There are many network operators who have implemented multiple networks using different network-layer (layer-3) routing protocols, which include TDM-, ATM-, and/or IP-based technology. Rapid growth of multimedia IP-based services has led in turn to ATM and IP technology being implemented and/or planned for PSTNs. Established routing methods are recommended for application across network types (summarized in Table 1), and include the following: a) E.164/NSAP-based number translation/routing, b) automatic generation of routing tables based on network topology and status, c) automatic update and synchronization of topology databases, d) dynamic route selection, and e) QoS resource management. Signalling and information-exchange requirements needed to support these routing methods are recommended, and include the connectivity management and routing policy parameters summarized in Table 4.